I've been in construction for 30+ years. Concrete does not tend to 'dust' off all by it's self. Otherwise you could take a flashlight, with the lights turned off, and see the particulate 'jump' off the wall. However, every time you touch it, rub it, vacuum it, clean it, or otherwise disturb it, it will create dust. The dust can be a hazard if it contains 'Silicates', which can cause Silicosis, if exposed to it for prolonged periods, and of sufficient quantities.
The only way to stop it from inadvertently dusting, is to properly seal the exposed concrete, there are many types of sealers that are easily applied. Some are as thin as water, others are thick like varnish. Typically the architect will spec that the concrete be sealed after a particular 'curing time'. Never seal 'fresh' concrete. Painting also works. If the large box stores did not seal their floors, people would be walking in a fog of dust for sure.
Dal.