Abstract
Background and Objectives
The frequency of pedestrian collisions is strongly influenced by the built environment, including road width, street connectivity and public transit design. In 2010, 2159 pedestrian collisions were reported in the City of Toronto, Canada with 20 fatalities. Previous studies have reported that streetcars operating in mixed traffic pose safety risks to pedestrians; however, few studies evaluate the effects on pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions (PMVC). The objective of this study was to examine changes in the rate and spatial patterning of PMVC, pre to post right-of-way (ROW) installation of the St. Clair Avenue West streetcar in the City of Toronto, Canada.
Methods
A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate changes in PMVC rate, following implementation of a streetcar ROW. Collision data were extracted from all police-reported PMVC, complied and verified by the City of Toronto, from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2011. A zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis estimated the change in PMVC, pre to post ROW. Age and injury severity were also examined. Changes in the spatial pattern of collisions were examined by applying the
G function to describe the proportion of collision events that shared a nearest neighbor distance less than or equal to a threshold distance.
Results
A total of 23,607 PMVC occurred on roadways during the study period; 441 occurring on St. Clair Ave, 153 during the period of analysis. There was a 48% decrease in the rate of collisions on St. Clair [Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37–0.74], post ROW installation. There were also decreases noted for children (IRR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.04–0.44), adults (IRR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.38–0.97), and minor injuries (IRR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.40–0.80). Spatial analyses indicated increased dispersion of collision events across each redeveloped route segment following the changes in ROW design.
Conclusions/Implications
Construction of a raised ROW operating on St. Clair Ave. was associated with a reduction in the rate of collisions. Differences in pre- and post collision spatial structure indicated changes in collision locations. Results from this study suggest that a streetcar ROW may be a safer alternative for pedestrians compared to a mixed traffic streetcar route and should be considered by city planners where appropriate to the street environment.
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5. Conclusions
This study further elucidates pedestrian safety issues related to different light rail designs, and particularly platform designs. Construction of a raised ROW operating on St. Clair was associated with a reduction in the rate of collisions, particularly the rate of collisions involving children and minor injuries. Results from this study suggest that a streetcar ROW may be a safer alternative for pedestrians compared to a mixed traffic streetcar route and should be favored where appropriate to the street environment. Increased pedestrian safety may result in increased walking and use of public transit as mode of transportation (
Lightman et al., 2012).
Further research is needed that can account for differences in pedestrian and motor vehicle volume, and explores similar transit interventions in different environments. A time series analysis which controls for natural trends in collisions rates could help to clarify the association between implementing a streetcar ROW and pedestrian collisions. In addition, research should explore behavioral and additional environmental changes related to streetcar ROWs, to clarify what factors contribute to a reduction in rates. In particular, further research should explore if the installation of the right of way resulted in risk migration, relocating collision incidents to neighbouring roads. Lastly, the differential effectiveness of the ROW by age should be explored further.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Michael P Brady (City of Toronto) for providing the data, in addition to his assistance with this project.